摘要

 
  • 持續的結構性改革將繼續推動市場估值重估
  • 中小型股是重視估值 的投資人的理想投資範圍
  • 與其他已發展市場相比,投資人對日本的配置仍然偏低

1. 日本市場對於價值投資人是否仍具吸引力?

2024 年上半年,日本股市繼續表現強勁。我們先前討論過的三個結構性利多因素仍然存在,即i)由通縮轉向通膨,ii)透過公司治理改革來提升企業獲利能力,以及iii)資本支出環境增強,我們認為這些因素將持續多年。

我們預計企業將在今年持續公佈有關提高基本獲利能力和合理化資產負債表的措施。儘管股票回購相當重要,但真正的業務重整將在未來幾年改變估值。非正式證據顯示這方面的動力確實正在增強。隨著成本推動型通膨緩和,加上第一季年度春鬥﹙shunto﹚薪資談判結果符合預期,實際薪資也可能在 2024 年年底轉為正成長;明年的春季薪資談判可能連續第三年推動薪資大幅上升。事實上,最新公佈的數據顯示,6 月經通膨調整的實際薪資在兩年多來首次上升,名義薪資則以近三十年來最快的速度成長。

目前,各種指標的股票估值均處於長期範圍的中間水平,顯示估值的確沒有過高,相對其他已發展市場更具吸引力。過去十年的改革也提高了淨利率,這趨勢可能持續下去。同樣,自 2012 年以來,日本市場的每股獲利成長較美國及歐盟更為強勁。我們也認為,在上述結構性利多因素支持下,日本股市的估值相比先前的受壓水平出現溢價,又有何不可呢?

野村表示,外國投資人在日本的配置比重仍偏低,通膨上升及新的 NISA 計劃有可能刺激國內投資人在今年重返股市。日本股市在宏觀及微觀方面都得到顯著支持,持續的結構性變化使日本在全球市場中脫穎而出。隨著通縮時代結束,日本股市應繼續出現估值重估。

2. 由於數支大型價值股已經上漲,投資機會是否正在減少?

的確,至今為止的升勢主要由大型股帶動。然而,日本的小型股並未同步上升。中小型股仍有廣泛的可投資範圍,這些股票的估值不高,是長期估值驅動選股者的理想投資範圍。數支中小型股的現價低於其帳面價值。

通膨週期通常利多小型股多於大型股,因為更多中小型股傾向於與國內經濟掛鈎。在這種環境下,作為嚴守估值紀律的投資人,我們採取逆向操作,繼續持有全球基礎產業及國內股票,並偏向表現落後的中型股。

國內股票方面,我們增加持有那些管理層致力上調價格及控制成本的運輸公司及建築公司。全球基礎產業方面,我們未持有估值不具吸引力的貿易公司,但繼續持有仍在低迷環境及低市場預期下營運的化工公司。

值得注意的是,在最近的市場拋售中,估值過高的大型出口相關產業股價受到明顯負面影響。儘管如此,整體市場估值仍具吸引力,在當前這波避險情緒出現後更是如此。不同類型股票的表現擴大應繼續支持未來的市場表現。

3. 東京證券交易所(東證交易所)的改革是否正在推動日本企業出現實質變化?

東證交易所的企業管治改革已促使多間大型股公司採取行動提高股東權益報酬率。日本企業繼續以創歷史紀錄的規模進行回購,目標是優化其槓桿過低的資產負債表。交叉持股正在削弱,汽車、金融及建築產業價值鏈這些傳統上緊密相連的忠誠股東關係出現了顯著變化。這將進一步提高董事會對少數股東的責任,並促使維權投資人進一步參與。

我們也觀察到,管理團隊迫切需要進行集團型企業的業務組合改革,並退出非核心業務,將資本重新分配至優勢領域。我們預計這些努力將在中長期內利多市場。作為長期參與這個市場的投資人,我們認為當前企業行為的變化顯著,並具有持續性。

4. 美元/日圓關係對你投資的公司產生什麼影響?

2024 年上半年,政府曾多次干預市場以支持疲弱的日圓,但由於美元與日圓的利差大,干預的效果有限。隨著日本銀行決定升息,加上市場預期聯準會最早在 9 月啟動降息,兩者的利差正在縮窄,將可能導致日圓靠穩或稍為走強。這種環境也可能導致市場領先地位改變,由對日圓敏感的大型股轉向更廣泛的股票族群,包括國內股票及中小型股。

儘管日本銀行改變政策,但我們始終未改變我們的投資觀點,因為我們的投資策略(專注於公司獲利的可持續趨勢)在我們的估值中也考慮了日本央行貨幣政策正常化的可能性。

5. 你的投資風格如何保持持久性及可重複性?

我們的投資流程專注於利用市場中嚴重價格錯誤的行為偏差。外推或避險等行為始終存在。然而,要有效利用這些偏差,需要嚴格執行明確的投資流程。

我們首先篩選涵蓋 2,000 多間公司的廣泛投資範圍,並圍繞估值採用一致的基準。我們僅針對具有高影響力的估值異常值,即價格和估值之間存在顯著差異的股票。我們深入研究工作集中於價格錯置 最嚴重、報酬潛力最大的投資機會。

我們的價值投資優勢在於詳細的分析及同行評鑑,使用一致的估值框架來驗證公司可持續獲利的長期推動因素。這種方法帶來獨特見解,並使我們清晰了解公司估值的推動因素。我們專注於可持續獲利,有別於市場上過度關注近期公佈獲利的投資人。

瀚亞投資日本股票團隊團隊擁有挑戰與辯論的文化,以及投資日本市場的豐富經驗,加上在不同市場週期及情況嚴格執行投資流程,這些均是實現穩健長期表現的重要因素。

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